Impulse response

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So far circuits have been driven by a DC source, an AC source and an exponential source. If we can find the current of a circuit generated by a Dirac delta function or impulse voltage source δ, then the convolution integral can be used to find the current to any given voltage source!

Example Impulse Response

The current is found by taking the derivative of the current found due to a DC voltage source! Say the goal is to find the δ current of a series LR circuit ... so that in the future the convolution integral can be used to find the current given any arbitrary source.

Choose a DC source of 1 volt (the real Vs then can scale off this). The particular homogeneous solution (steady state) is 0. The homogeneous solution to the non-homogeneous equation has the form:

$i(t)=Ae^{-{\frac {t}{\frac {L}{R}}}}+C$

Assume the current initially in the inductor is zero. The initial voltage is going to be 1 and is going to be across the inductor (since no current is flowing):

$v(t)=L{di(t) \over dt}$:$v(0)=1=L*(-{\frac {AR}{L}})$:$A=-1/R$

If the current in the inductor is initially zero, then:

$i(0)=0=A+C$Which implies that:

$C=-A=1/R$So the response to a DC voltage source turning on at t=0 to one volt (called the unit response μ) is:

$i_{\mu }(t)={\frac {1}{R}}(1-e^{-{\frac {t}{\frac {L}{R}}}})$

Taking the derivative of this, get the impulse (δ) current is:

$i_{\delta }(t)={\frac {e^{-{\frac {t}{\frac {L}{R}}}}}{L}}$

Now the current due to any arbitrary V_S(t) can be found using the convolution integral:

$i(t)=\int _{0}^{t}i_{\delta }(t-\tau )V_{s}(\tau )d\tau =\int _{0}^{t}f(t-\tau )g(\tau )d\tau +C_{1}$

Don't think i_δ as current. It is really ${d \over dt}{\frac {current}{1volt}}$. V_S(τ) turns into a multiplier.

LRC Example

Find the time domain expression for i_o given that I_s = cos(t + π/2)μ(t) amp.

Earlier the step response for this problem was found:

$i_{o_{\mu }}={\frac {1}{2}}(1-e^{-t}(\cos t+\sin t))$

The impulse response is going to be the derivative of this:

$i_{o_{\delta }}={di_{o_{\mu }} \over dt}=0+{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-t}(\cos t+\sin t)-{\frac {1}{2}}e^{-t}(-\sin t+\cos t)$

$i_{o_{\delta }}={\frac {1}{2}}e^{-t}(\cos t+\sin t+\sin t-\cos t)=e^{-t}\sin t$:$I_{s}=1+\cos t$

$i_{o}(t)=\int _{0}^{t}i_{o_{\delta }}(t-\tau )I_{s}(\tau )d\tau +C_{1}$

$i_{o}(t)=\int _{0}^{t}e^{-(t-\tau )}\sin(t-\tau )(1+\cos \tau )d\tau +C_{1}$

$i_{o}(t)={\frac {\cos t}{5}}+{\frac {2\sin t}{5}}-{\frac {7e^{-t}\cos t}{10}}-{\frac {11e^{-t}\sin t}{10}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+C_{1}$

The Mupad code to solve the integral (substituting x for τ) is:

f := exp(-(t-x)) *sin(t-x) *(1 + cos(x));<br>S := int(f,x = 0..t)

Finding the integration constant

$i_{o}(0_{+})=0={\frac {1}{5}}-{\frac {7}{10}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+C_{1}$

This implies:

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=> 'C', ), 1 => (object) array( 'type' => 'number', 'role' => 'integer', 'font' => 'normal', 'annotation' => 'clearspeak:simple;depth:4', 'id' => '24', '$t' => '1', ), ), ), ), 'content' => array ( 0 => (object) array( 'type' => 'operator', 'role' => 'addition', 'annotation' => 'depth:3', 'id' => '18', '$t' => '+', ), 1 => (object) array( 'type' => 'operator', 'role' => 'addition', 'annotation' => 'depth:3', 'id' => '22', '$t' => '+', ), ), ), ), 'content' => array ( 0 => (object) array( 'type' => 'relation', 'role' => 'equality', 'annotation' => 'depth:2', 'id' => '8', '$t' => '=', ), 1 => (object) array( 'type' => 'relation', 'role' => 'equality', 'annotation' => 'depth:2', 'id' => '10', '$t' => '=', ), ), ), ), 'streeXml' => '<stree><relseq role="equality" annotation="depth:1" id="31">=<content><relation role="equality" annotation="depth:2" id="8">=</relation><relation role="equality" annotation="depth:2" id="10">=</relation></content><children><appl role="simple function" annotation="depth:2" id="28"><content><punctuation role="application" annotation="depth:3" id="27">⁡</punctuation><identifier role="simple function" font="italic" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="0">i</identifier></content><children><subscript role="simple function" annotation="depth:3" id="2"><children><identifier role="simple function" font="italic" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="0">i</identifier><identifier role="latinletter" font="italic" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="1">o</identifier></children></subscript><fenced role="leftright" annotation="depth:3" id="26"><content><fence role="open" annotation="depth:4" id="3">(</fence><fence role="close" annotation="depth:4" id="7">)</fence></content><children><subscript role="integer" annotation="depth:4" id="6"><children><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:5" id="4">0</number><operator role="addition" annotation="depth:5" id="5">+</operator></children></subscript></children></fenced></children></appl><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:2" id="9">0</number><infixop role="addition" annotation="depth:2" id="30">+<content><operator role="addition" annotation="depth:3" id="18">+</operator><operator role="addition" annotation="depth:3" id="22">+</operator></content><children><infixop role="subtraction" annotation="depth:3" id="29">−<content><operator role="subtraction" annotation="depth:4" id="14">−</operator></content><children><fraction role="vulgar" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="13"><children><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:5" id="11">1</number><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:5" id="12">5</number></children></fraction><fraction role="vulgar" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="17"><children><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:5" id="15">7</number><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:5" id="16">10</number></children></fraction></children></infixop><fraction role="vulgar" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:3" id="21"><children><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="19">1</number><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="20">2</number></children></fraction><subscript role="latinletter" annotation="depth:3" id="25"><children><identifier role="latinletter" font="italic" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="23">C</identifier><number role="integer" font="normal" annotation="clearspeak:simple;depth:4" id="24">1</number></children></subscript></children></infixop></children></relseq></stree>', 'success' => true, 'log' => 'success', 'mathoidStyle' => 'vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.069ex; height:5.176ex;', 'sanetex' => '{\\displaystyle i_{o}(0_{+})=0={\\frac {1}{5}}-{\\frac {7}{10}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}+C_{1}}', 'speech' => 'i Subscript o Baseline left parenthesis 0 Subscript plus Baseline right parenthesis equals 0 equals one fifth minus seven tenths plus one half plus upper C 1', ), )"): {\displaystyle C_1 = 0}

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